¿Cuál es el uso Medicinal del aceite esencial de bálsamde de limón?

Bálsamo de limónEs una hierba medicinal tradicional étnica que es ampliamente utilizada como un sedante suave, agente antiespasmódico y antibacteriano [1]. A menudo se utiliza en la medicina popular para tratar la tensión nervi, dolores de cabeza, trastornos abdomin, mejorar el apetito, promover la digestión y tratar las lesiones simples causadas por el virus del herpes [2]. El "compendio de Materia médica" registra que tiene el efecto de "despertar el cerebro, alimentar el corazón, fortalecer el estómago y ayudar a la digestión" [3]. Se cultiva como planta medicinal desde hace 2.000 años [4].

The esencialEl petróleodeLemelBalm can be obtained from the flowers, leaves ybranches Melissaofficinalisby steam distillation ychemical extraction. It has a fresh El limónscent, a light yellow color, and a lower viscosity than water. It is called “the king deoils” in Hebrew [5] and has a variety defunctions, Tales comosedative, carminative, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and improving blood glucose tolerance [6-7], with extremely high health care and medicinal value.

1 composición de aceites esenciales

The composition deessential oils from plants varies under different climatic conditions. Factors affecting the composition and yield of essential oils include the light intensity, nutrient conditions, temperature, genotype, age and collection time of the plant. The essential oil of Melissaofficinalisis no exception. For example, drought will reduce the total essential oil production but increase the relative percentage content [8]. In addition, the essential oil composition of different parts of the same plant also varies. For example, Sharafzadeh S et al. (2011) analyzed the essential oil composition of lavender grown in greenhouses by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and found that there were 20 types in the leaves, mainly geranial (43.1%), nerol (33.4%), pentadecane (4.7%), geranyl acetate (2.9%) and β-caryophyllene (2.4%), etc.; there are 19 types in the stems, mainly geranyl aldehyde (34.9%), nerol (23.5%), geranyl acetate (7.5%), palmitic acid (4.3%), caryophyllene oxide (4.0%) and β-caryophyllene (3.5%), etc. It has been found that the essential oil mainly contains aldehydes, terpenes and a small amount of phenolic compounds [9].

1.1 compuestos de aldehído

Los principales componentes de los compuestos de aldehído son citral, citronelal, nerol, geraniol y acede de geranilo. Taherpour AA (2012) extrajo el aceite esencial de Melissa officinalissilvestres en la provincia de kurdistde irán y analizó e identificó 12 compuestos. Los componentes principales fueron citral (37.2%), nerol (23.9%) y citronellal (20.3%) [10].

1.2 terpenoides

Los terpenoides incluyen citronellol, geraniol, acetato de linalilo, linalol, ácido tánico, − -pineno, − -pineno y − -cariofileno [11-12].

1.3 pequeñas cantidades de compuestos fenólicos

such as Ácido rosmarínico (RA)Ácido cafeico y éster ácido lác3,4-dihidroxifenilo [7].

2 efectos farmacológicos

2.1 sedante y calmante

El aceite esencial de bálsamde limón tiene un buen efecto en el tratamiento de los síntomas de sobrexcitabilidad, y también puede inhibir la Unión de t-butilbicfosforotionato (TBPS, un medicamento anticonvulque puede unirse a los receptores GABA de tipo a) a laTipo ACanales receptores en el cerebro anterior de la rata, pero no tiene efecto sobre los receptores ionotróde glutamato NM-DA, AMPA y receptores nicotínicos de acetilcolina; Por otra parte, tiene un efecto inhibidor reversible en las corrientes inducidas por gabque es dependiente de la concentración, pero no tiene efecto inhibiten las corrientes indupor NMDA y AMPA. El aceite esencial de Melissa officinalispuede reducir significativamente los efectos inhibidores o excitatorios de la transmisión de neurotransmide una manera dependiente de la dosis, y solo tiene un efecto sedante sobre la neurotransmisión. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que su efecto anti-excitatorio en los pacientes y el efecto inhibiten las membranas de las células nervien los experimentos in vitro puede no ser un efecto inhibitinteractivo entre los receptores ionotró[13-14].

2.2 resistencia a la ansiedad

GABA is currently an important target for research into the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders and the development of new anxiolytic drugs. Rosemary acid (RA) in essential oils exhibits unique biological actividadin vivo, inhibiting the activity of GABA transaminase and thus inhibiting the degradation of GABA, thereby increasing the concentration of GABA in the brain and having a sedative, soothing and anxiolytic effect. Studies have found that mice show a slight sedative effect after inhaling the essential oil [15]. Ibarra A studied the effect of Melissa officinalisethanol extract (mainly rosmarinic acid, triterpenoid oleanolic acid and ursolic acid) on rat anxiety through chronic administration, and found that the extract has an anxiolytic effect under appropriate stress [16].

2.3 antibacterianos

Aceite esencial de Melissa officinalisTiene potentes propiedades antibacterianas, antifúny antiparasitarias. Los aldehídos, fenoles o alcohoque contiene pueden provocar la disolución de las membranas celulares de los microorganismos y la alteración de sus funciones [17]. Tiene un efecto inhibidor particularmente fuerte sobre el crecimiento de bacterias de Enterobacteriaceae y mohos [18]. Otros componentes del aceite esencial, como el ácido rosmarínico, también tienen actividad antibacteriana [19].

2.4 Antiviral

Melissa officinalis essential oil has antiviral properties, especially against herpes simplexvirus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2). High concentrations of essential oil almost completely inhibit the infectivity of the virus, possibly by directly resisting the virus before it can adsorb and invade [20]. It has also been found that Melissa officinalis essential oil inhibits the replication of HSV-2 in HEp-2 cells; and the essential oil is non-toxic to HEp-2 cells at a concentration of ≤ 100 μg/ml [21]. A certain dose of Melissa officinalis essential oil in vitro can also inhibit the infectivity of the PR8 influenza virus and does not exhibit cytotoxicity to MDCK cells. In Melissa officinalis essential oil-treated MDCK cells infected with PR8 influenza virus, the mR-NA level of PR8 was basically unchanged compared with that of untreated infected cells, but the expression of some viral proteins NP and NS1 was inhibited. Therefore, the antiviral effect of essential oil may be achieved by inhibiting the translation of viral proteins [22].

2.5 antitumoral

A series of components that can resist human tumor cell lines (A549, MCF-7, Caco-2, HL-60, K562) and mouse cancer cell lines (B16F10) were isolated from Melissa officinalis essential oil under dry conditions [1]. Melissa officinalis extract can scavenge DPPH free radicals and inhibit the proliferation of human colon cancer cells [23].

2.6 antioxidante

El aceite esencial de Melissa officinalis es rico en terpenoxigen, que tienen actividad antioxidante y de eliminación de radicales libres [24]. Además, la actividad antioxidante está relacionada con los compuestos fenólicos como citronelal y nerol en el aceite esencial. El aceite esencial de Melissa officinalis se puede usar como conservante antioxidante natural soluble en grasas para alimentos ricos en grasas y a base de aceite [11,25].

2.7 hipoglucemia

Melissa esencialoil can significantly lower blood glucose levels, and it plays an important role in regulating blood glucose and blood lipids in mice with type 2 diabetes. It can enhance the blood glucose tolerance of patients with type 2 diabetes, while also significantly increasing the level of insulin in the blood. Melissa essential oil can resist high blood glucose by promoting the activity of GCK in mouse liver cells and inhibiting the activity of G6Pase and PEPCK in the cells. Its hypoglycemic effect may be achieved by enhancing the uptake of glucose by the liver and adipose tissue and inhibiting the gluconeogenic process in the liver [6].

2.8 reducir los lípidos sanguíneos

Melissa essential oil can significantly lower blood lipid levels. In human APOE transgenic mice, oral administration of Melissa essential oil (12.5 μg/d) for 2 weeks significantly reduced plasma triglyceride concentrations compared to the control group. The study found that oral administration of Melissa officinalis essential oil can alter the synthesis of bile acids and cholesterol and the metabolic pathways of fatty acids. Melissa officinalis essential oil treatment of HepG2 cells induced the synthesis of bile acids and down-regulated nuclear transcription factor SREBP-2. Compared with the control group, the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol also decreased significantly (by 400 and 800 mg/L, respectively) in the essential oil treatment group [26]. In the liver and adipose tissue, the expression of genes related to glucose metabolism, such as SREBP-1C, PPAR-γ and GLUT4, is up-regulated to regulate blood lipids. Therefore, the plasma TAG concentration in the test group (essential oil treatment group) is significantly lower than that in the control group [6]. The results of the study show that Melissa officinalis essential oil has the effect of regulating blood lipid metabolism.

3 aplicaciones farmacéuticas

Melissa essential oil has a moderate insecticidal resistance against Culex mosquitoes that transmit West Nile virus[27]. Topical application can repel mosquitoes and relieve the itching of mosquito bites[28]. Melissa essential oil is also one of the essential oils commonly used in aromatherapy, which can regularize menstruation, relieve menstrual pain and relax the body[29]. More and more pharmacological studies and clinical evidence have shown that the rational use of Melissa officinalis essential oil has achieved good results in the treatment of neurodegenerative neurological diseases such as nervous excitement, epilepsy, and acute and chronic mood disorders, with few side effects [30]. Based on current research progress, aromatherapy may be a potential treatment for dementia psychosis with good tolerance. However, there is currently little research in this area, and the main pharmacological components are still unclear, making its efficacy uncertain [31-32].

4 resumen y perspectivas

At present, the development and utilization of essential oil plant resources in China is far from adequate. Only 140 species have been developed and utilized, and most of them are limited to the fragrance and cosmetics industries. A few are used in other industries such as medicine and food. The main limitation is that the research on some pharmacological mechanisms and their related active ingredients is not in-depth. Therefore, strengthening research on the pharmacological mechanism of Melissa officinalis essential oil and identifying key chemical components will not only provide reasonable treatment options for future clinical research and practice, but also optimize treatment effects. Therefore, strengthening the development and research of volatile oil plant resources in medicine, food, and other fields has broad development prospects.

referencia

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